HRM Power and Organization Behavior Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the HRM Power and Organization Behavior. Answer: Force On the off chance that I were Samantha, I would needs tasks to appoint contingent upon money the venture is acquiring. Leaving a steady task in dependable hands to being another undertaking in is sensible than giving out another venture that could have in any case been exceptional taken care of. Oversight and authority can be kept up by guaranteeing that the workers don't fear you yet regard you, this is by connecting with them and guaranteeing that their thoughts if incredible are taken in and if worse forms of the ides are reached (Aitken Higgs, 2010). Granting best performed and guaranteeing great working conditions will make sure about both of these. Officials should at present be a piece of the undertakings not by providing orders however as consultants and as a power to be accounted for to the choices and happenings of specific activities (Hall Hord, 2011). They ought make an effort not to control the activities yet supervise what's going on and chip in just when it is extremely fundamental. The top official ought to never designate undertakings, for example, general dynamic, endorsement of activities and directing of each group or association to different representatives regardless of completely having confidence in them (Kalamas, 2004). This will guarantee that there is no point where the records are not sorted out. Cooperation and its viability The components recognized by Hackman are sensible, really, these components are fundamental for viable collaboration execution in any business set up. This is on the grounds that they are extremely sensible and can be relied on. Different components to guarantee successful cooperation incorporates full commitment if the individuals from the group (Spector, 2010). This is as far as having the option to air their perspectives on the best way to approach the venture as opposed to just being the ones to get and execute thoughts from above; they should raise thoughts. This will give a feeling of having a place with the group thus better results (Hitt, Miller and Colella, 2011). Thus, making great working conditions extraordinarily improve the working of representatives since they are not the slightest bit caught up with whining on what they need however completely focus on the task. As a group chief, the means to attempt are; knowing the colleagues just as their abilities, recognizing the duties of the group and apportioning each to specific people, guaranteeing that there is a trust culture made among the individuals (Kalamas and Kalamas, 2004). It is conceivable to separate the objectives and goals into subtasks that will each be handled by specific people. Inspiration in top UK associations They have high-trust societies. The top organizations in the UK make a culture that outcomes in extraordinary business execution. It is this culture made that pulls in clients and representatives and holds them just as giving incredible consumer loyalty. They guarantee the association has outside acknowledgment; this is through winning honors for the Best Workplace, Best Employer, among different honors. This at that point calls for both capable workers and hopeful clients since the mindfulness is made. They guarantee to have information on outer acknowledgment of different associations. Thusly, they get the opportunity to have a report on what's going on in the association just as outside the association. They are consistently mindful of present open doors just as what different associations are doing and what's going on inside the association. They have a social crucial call for worker commitment. They are planned for serving the general public just as improving it. This is by making better working conditions and offering better merchandise and enterprises. They complete representative review. The way of life made by associations is evaluated by this review, it guarantees that trust is worked inside the association as a major aspect of the way of life and the made culture is kept up. Terrible mothers It's a film about Amy, a youthful mother who battles at home and work to be an ideal mother. It is adorable in light of the fact that: The age catches youthful moms, young people, and kids as it includes what is knowledgeable about parenthood. It might be named ladylike yet at the same time, catches manliness and adolescence (Hoberman and Emberley, 2005). It depends on present happenings in the general public, interests the crowd and brings a feeling of correspondence. It shows female strengthening on the lines of authority, its ladies who run the PTA this delineates ladies' manliness as they are the ones who think about their families both at home and school. Its not adorable in light of the fact that: It's not wide in catching age since it's just about youthful moms that battle to be the best. 90% of the film depends on ladies getting a distinction in discernment; it should catch both genders (Morris, 2006). It just catches the averagely rich guardians who possess cash and more energy for their youngsters dismissing the low class with no cash nor time and the high class with cash however no time. It conflicts with the general public's qualities and convictions which may leave a negative effect. PTA gatherings were female situated barring men. Authority Quality administration hypothesis proposes that there are sure attributes that are related with initiative. It is this characteristic put aside that decide compelling initiative (Martin et al., 2017). Then again, conduct administration hypothesis has it that it is the means by which one identifies with others and holds oneself around others that decides successful authority. These hypotheses are not substantial in light of the fact that expressing that characteristics are on the whole that is required for acceptable authority bars to such an extent. It is elusive explicit attributes that are adaptable enough to fit every conceivable condition (Burns, 2012). Essentially, contingent upon conduct alone doesn't catch great administration on the grounds that basically relating admirably to the subjects and picking up regard just as making the best working environment isn't all that is expected of a decent pioneer, there is significantly more to it. An association can choose and build up a decent pioneer by utilizing the speculations to select the best and ingrain in them the positive thoughts that they would expect (Finkelstein, Hambrick and Cannella, 2009). For example, choice will be a person with required attributes, aptitudes, and adaptability relying upon circumstances. Creating them will at that point remember improving for how they handle their subjects, for example, the possibility of the style hypothesis of administration to improve the working environment. References Aitken, P. also, Higgs, M. (2010).Developing change pioneers. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lobby, G. what's more, Hord, S. (2011).Implementing change. Boston: Pearson. Hitt, M., Miller, C., and Colella, A. (2011).Organizational Behavior. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kalamas, D. also, Kalamas, J. (2004).Developing representative capital. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press. Consumes, J. (2012).Leadership. New York, NY: Open Road Integrated Media. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. also, Cannella, A. (2009).Strategic administration. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. Hoberman, M. also, Emberley, M. (2005).Very short Mother Goose stories to peruse together. New York: Little, Brown. Martin, B., Breunig, M., Wagstaff, M. what's more, Goldenberg, M. (2017).Outdoor authority. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Morris, M. (2006).The lost mother. New York: Penguin Books.

The Cellist of Sarajevo Free Essays

The Cellist of Sarajevo A. Anticipate Look at the photograph above and the title of the unit. What do you figure this unit will be about? Record your considerations. We will compose a custom article test on The Cellist of Sarajevo or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now By speaking to the picture of a man playing the cello, I wanna imagine that this unit talk about music, a theme that actually I like to talk. B. Offer Information 1. What sort of music do you appreciate? Jazz? Rock ‘n’ roll? Old style? Hip-bounce? I like listened hip-bounce, reggaeton, rock in spanish and electro on the grounds that I think have beat and are anything but difficult to move. 2. What imaginative things do you like to do? Play an instrument? Paint? Compose? Move? Structure or Decorate? Sew? Something different? Here and there I like to compose letters or sonnets for individuals who are critical to me. 3. Do you appreciate going out to see the films, theater, shows, galleries? Better believe it I like going out to see the films, particularly with regards to one of my preferred motion pictures. likewise appreciate heading off to the show since you feel the vibration of music all over your body, and why also the exhibition hall, is the most significant perspective on. C Background and jargon. The obvious words are in Reading One. Before you read the entry underneath, read the words and study their implications. 1. Appreciated 2. Rich 3. Single 4. Unassuming 5. Collection 6. Mitigate 7. Disturbance 8. Oppose 9. Bloodletting 10. Expectation 11. frequenting 2 Focus on perusing Reading One: The Cellist of Sarajevo. Peruse the citation from Georges Braque and answer the inquiry. At that point read Paul Sullivan’s article and remember Braque’s articulation as you read. 12. I think what you need to turn into the injury itself to locate the light that both look for. Peruse for fundamental thoughts. Work with an accomplice. Peruse the announcements and choose which three speak to the primary thoughts of Reading One. Talk about the purposes behind your decisions. 1. Including yourself in what you specialize in will consistently assist you with emerging successful from the most troublesome circumstances. . Music can invigorate individuals the they have to relieve both physical and passionate agony. 3. Workmanship makes a network of individuals. These thoughts are identified with the perusing in light of the fact that sums up what the creator implies in history of the cellist of Sarajevo. Peruse for subtleties. Work with an accomplice. Number the eight scenes in the â€Å"The Cellist of Sarajevo† in the request wherein they happen. 3 Yo-Yo MA plays a cello show of David Wilde? s work at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester, England. 1 Vedran Smailovic plays the cello with the Sarajevo Opera during the 1980s. The writer plays the piano in a nursing home 5 David Wilde peruses an article about Smailovic playing the cello amidst bombs; Wilde composes a cello structure in Sarajevo. 6 Smailovic plays the cello in the avenues of Sarajevo. 2 The creator is welcome to perform at the global Cello Festival in Manchester, England. 4 On May 27, 1992, A Breadline in Sarajevo is shelled. 7 Smailovic grasps Yo-Yo Ma in the show corridor. MAKE INFERENCES 1. Since it was in memory of the massacre, the music was all the better he could do around then. 2. Since he needed to communicate fraternity with Vedran. 3. Since Yo-Yo Mo watched out over the crowd and loosened up his hand and afterward Smailovic rose from his seat. 4. Since everybody in the corridor emitted in tumultuous, enthusiastic free for all. They were exhuberant. 5. They are dressed officially. 6. The music help us to communicate our emotions and alleviate. EXPRESS OPINIONS 1. As I would see it Vedran was fearless and reasonable on the grounds that in that time he made plans to do the thing he did best: music. 2. Truly, it is. Truly they do, in light of the fact that they imply that everybody know music and appreciate it, the music mirror our emotions even we? re pitiful or irate. 3. Indeed, I figure they do, on the grounds that they are additionally people. Instructions to refer to The Cellist of Sarajevo, Essay models

Food That Makes You Feel Like Home

Food That Makes You Feel Like Home Thanks to all of the students, parents, and ECs who made my admissions travels to the Midwest so much fun. I had really terrific meetings (and huge crowds!) in Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Chicago (both the city and suburbs), Grand Rapids and Ann Arbor. I so appreciate the warm welcome you gave me. Because I grew up around Chicago and went to college and worked at the University of Michigan, visiting Illinois and Ann Arbor were real homecomings for me. In the few moments that I wasnt working, I was able to see some family and good friends in both places (if any of you are reading, thanks for all the hospitality and to my folks who took care of my puppy, Willie). I also was able to eat some of my very favorite foods. I dont know about you, but there are definite foods that bring back such good memories of different places and times in my life. When I think back to my years in Ann Arbor, I cant help but think of corned beef sandwiches from Zingermans, Chipatis from Pizza House, and peanut butter and chocolate chip milkshakes from Pizza Bobs. I made sure to have all three during my weekend in Michigan (even had two milkshakes during the three days I was there!) and they all were just as delicious as I remembered. In fact, Im salivating just thinking about them. Are there foods that make you think of MIT or Boston? Or, are there foods that make you think of other really important places you have visited? As for me and MIT, I always get the Milk Bubble Tea from the Student Center. Toscaninis Ice Cream always does it for me, too. Id love to see your responses to this entry. They will give us all great suggestions on future travels. Happy fall and heres to good eats!

The Layers of Research Design - 1163 Words

The Layers of Research Design Introduction: The purpose of doing research is mostly to answer a question or to solve a problem. The research work is started by identifying what type of data is needed and sources of obtaining this data. There are a number of data collection techniques such as questionnaires, interviews and personal observation. Besides all these sources secondary data can also be used. The final decision about overall research design is represented by selection of technique(s) used to obtain data and procedure(s) used to analyze this data. It is the core of whole research design. In the article, we use the â€Å"Research Onion† as symbolic word to describe relation between the core of research onion and outer layers on†¦show more content†¦Data collection and analysis are likely to involve qualitative data from the deep investigations with small samples. In another philosophy, called pragmatism, the importance of research is in finding practical consequences. In this philosophy researcher consider that a single view point cannot provide complete picture and there may be multiple view points that can do so. It does not mean that pragmatic researcher would apply a variety of data collection techniques and procedures. Instead research design should enable reliable data that support further action. Methodological choice: This layer highlights the decision about whether to choose a quantitative method(s) or qualitative method(s) or a mixture of both. Researcher can select single data collection technique and analysis procedure either a mono method quantitative design (e.g. Data collection using questionnaire and analysis statistically) or a mono method qualitative design (e.g. Data collection through deep interviews and analysis as narratives). Alternatively they can use multiple methods. In multi method quantitative design, researcher use multiple data collection techniques (e.g. Questionnaire and structured observations and statistically analyzed). For multi method qualitative design, he uses multiple qualitative data collection techniques (e.g. In depth interviews and diary acounts with associated analysis procedures). A mixed method design includesShow MoreRelatedThe Current Academic Thinking On Cross Layer Design Approaches796 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent academic thinking on cross-layer design approaches used to improve the quality of video steaming in wireless networks. Various kinds of wireless networks emerged due to innovations in technologies and wireless devices. Such networks are expected to render video applications as well. This ability of mobile devices caused research interest in video streaming applications in wireless networks. In this context, the existing cross-layer designs are studied and research gaps are identified. Then a newRead MoreDesigning For Many Architects And Designers945 Words   |  4 Pagestemporary facility specifically for wartime outdoor training exercises, and as a research laboratory for war related innovations. Building 20 continued to function as a research facility until its 1998 demolition. Architect, Frank Gehry was selected, from a pool of sixteen firms, to design the new building after funding became available through a donation from Ray and Maria Stata in 1998. The Institute sought a daring design that set them a part and portr ayed the school as the best. The criteria initiallyRead MoreEssay On Feed Forward Back Propagation1240 Words   |  5 Pagesforward back propagation (FFBP), Layer recurrent and NARX artificial neural network structures with Levenberg – Marquardt training algorithm are suggested for estimation of the radius for a given resonant frequency of a centre feed microstrip patch antenna and it is demonstrated using a circular patch geometry. Through the particular chapter the effect of the variation in the resonant frequency on the radius and vice versa has been analysed using two-layered FFBP, Layer recurrent and NARX ANN modelsRead MoreProcess Of Decision Making For A Solution Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages2006). The product design is one of the necessary steps to manufacturing processes because it takes critical approaches to test and complete the processes, needed in the long run. This article talks about Bottleneck Management, which describes the functionality of an organizati on. This process of management as essential for product design and engineering process. It takes into its brackets the little elements of manufacturing processes (Johannes et. al, 2014). The product design is one of the necessaryRead MoreThe Design Of Network Topology1601 Words   |  7 Pages Design of Network Topology Pravalika Reddy Podduturi Virginia International University Author note Pravalika Reddy Podduturi, Department of Computer Science, Virginia International University. pravpodd@campus.viu.edu Abstract According to the book ‘Top down network design’ by Priscilla, and research by Pandya supports that a network is a group of devices connected together. There are many types of computer networks like, local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), campus area networkRead MoreNanotechnology For Enhanced Solar Conversion1642 Words   |  7 PagesEgbo Kingsley O. PhD in Nanostructures for Enhanced Solar Conversion Research Proposal Abstract The possibilities of employing a nanoscale metal topography that will employ surface plasmon excitation phenomena towards improving the light absorption efficiency of organic solar cells will be investigated. This goal is achievable by analytically designing and producing optically active nanostructures which are used to excite surface plasmons at the wavelengths range dictated by the sun in order toRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Cnn Models1361 Words   |  6 Pagesless memory, computation and high accuracy. With the increase in the popularity of CNN the models are becoming complex using different parameter configuration to improve accuracy,~citep{gu2015} observes modifying parameter values like the number of layers, batch size, filter size can alter the accuracy of the model.whereas ~citep{deng2013,mishkin2016,smith2016} suggests, tuning the model with the right choice of parameter values is essential to improve performance but making the right choice requiresRead MoreDe sign And Develop The Hip Prosthesis With Cementless Fixation For Specific Breeds Of Dogs1481 Words   |  6 PagesAs mentioned in the first chapter, this research aims to design and develop the hip prosthesis with cementless fixation for specific breeds of dogs. In order to find the solution systematically, several steps need to be taken as follows; 3.1 Data acquisition phase In this phase, it is necessary to study and investigate in depth in order to clarify what are the problems, the root causes and the requirements as well as other obligations. 3.2 Systematic design phase The result of the previous step willRead MoreIntroduction. Overview. I Proposed A 3D Printing Centric1420 Words   |  6 Pagesan after school program for aspiring engineers or artists to explore the endless possibilities of 3D printing. Research Methods I chose to conduct primary and secondary research. Primary research in the form of a survey issued through social media. The survey was setup up in such a way as to identify a possible target audience for a business centered on 3D printing. My secondary research included studying the methods of 3D printing, the pitfalls of 3D printing, Houston Texas as a market for a businessRead MoreSupport for High-Definition Ip Cameras935 Words   |  4 Pagesphased project was created to enable NETW206 students to design and implement the network infrastructure within a single session. The four project phases are: 1. Phase 1 (Weeks 1 - 2): Design Network Switching Infrastructure 2. Phase 2 (Week 3): Standardize Network Configurations 3. Phase 3 (Week 5): Network Assessment 4. Phase 4 (Week 7): Extending the Network Phase 1 Assignment As the network engineer, you have been asked to design the new network switching infrastructure that fully supports

Reality Television Economic Factors And The Production Of...

ï‚ § Reality Television Economic Factors How many factors are part of the production of television programs in reality. When we feel pressure to provide the display, the producer will make money, this is how the process works, to assess the social structure in the media are suitable. I have found that, in this season, the main impact of the huge influx of reality TV show based on information from the actors, writers strike, advertisers trying to reach a large part of the total population, and the TV reality show s low production costs stem . 1. The Actor’s and Writer’s Strike May 1, the contract between the producers and writers to expire, the writers strike. July 1, the contract between the production company and the actors expire, actors strike. And do not you think writers / actors strike did not affect this boom? The new TV season begins in September, after the summer, TV reality show to cheer a striking actor and writer together. The network s goal is to accumulate as much material as quickly as possible to the network using a blow under. This is especially true in the Survivor and other networks trying to get part of the market, giant success (mink, time to face reality, in 2000, the arts and life section). Cheap reality show is primarily picked by the network to fill the airtime, and may even allow the writer lost his job, if it continues to genre (Poniewozik and McDowell, back to reality, 2001 75 Bianco9). 2. Reality Shows Production Costs Reality TV isShow MoreRelatedFactors that Contribute to the Popularity of Reality Shows on TV874 Words   |  4 Pagesand engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewers’ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant to research this interactive form of reality television that encourages deeper audienceRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On The Western World962 Words   |  4 Pageswhose celebrity endorsement contributes only about twenty to twenty-five percent of advertisements (Francis Yazdanifard, 2013), more than half of the South Korean television commercials and advertisements feature at least one celebrity (Hill, 2012). To be more specific, those Hallyu star s are featured in various kinds of Korean television commercials, from food products and drinks to restaurants and fast food shops, from home appliances to electronic devices, and from clothing to cosmetics. The paperRead MoreReality Television Is A Genre Of Programming2139 Words   |  9 Pageswatching tv, we do not reality question what we watch or why we enjoy it. Simply, shows like â€Å"The Bachelor† and â€Å"The Jersey Shore† are the entertaining pieces we need to watch after a very long, stressful day. Not only is it comic relief, but these shows express drama, suspense, and laughter while pushing the element of morally and socially acceptable situations that keep the viewers fixated. These shows fit the definition of reality television. Going through the television guide, it is amazing toRead MoreMedia s Influence On Social Media1433 Words   |  6 Pagesa young girl. Television channels like Nickelodeon, Disney, and MTV have become popular and innovative te levision channels that consistently develops creative and interactive ways to consume media messages. By watching broadcasting programs and television series, I learn something new or valuable that I can then impress upon to someone else. This connectivity and deeper understanding I have to television production and media have implanted my desire to pursue a profession Television and EntertainmentRead MoreEssay about Childhood Obesity1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe biggest loser is one of the reality television programs that aimed to reduce the contestant body weight and gain healthy lifestyle. From this reality television programs lot of overweight people assemble to enter this competition. If it being looked deeper with or without we realizing, obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and all this evidence suggests that the situation is likely to get worse. In developed regions such as Europe, the United States of America, and in AustralasiaRead MoreThe Reality Of Realit y Television2912 Words   |  12 PagesThis paper will attempt to describe the television genre, Reality TV; in terms of its historical, sociopolitical and industrial context of its time as well as its meaning and significance from the year 2000 onward. It will also discuss how the genre of Reality TV establishes its media practices in terms of production and consumption. The â€Å"reality† in Reality television can best be understood as a social construction, one that uses purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations featuringRead MoreEssay on Childrens Comprehension of Television Messages9798 Words   |  40 PagesComprehension of Television Messages The literature surveyed so far regarding childrens attention to television has relied on observation of visual attention by the child viewers. Measures of visual attention alone do not provide an indication of what aspects of the message children are extracting from the television screen. In order to acquire indications of this, researchers have relied on post-viewing measures of childrens recognition and recall of information from the program. This researchRead MoreMedia Content Effects on Society1366 Words   |  6 Pagesentertainment. One of the most influential events in history of media is probably the invention of television. Thereafter, in less than one decade, from 1946 to 1955, TV was a part of home to 65% of Americans. Singaporean novelist, Jess C. Scott, said ‘People are sheep. TV is the shepherd.’ (Literary Heroin (Gluttony): A Twilight Parody, 2012). This is unfortunately true, young generation is obsessed with television nowadays. Statistics claims th at time spent in front of TV by young people, aged between 8Read MoreEssay about The Importance of Public Broadcast Television 1973 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant or seen as useful. Commercial broadcasting was all the rage; the blitz for commercial station licenses went on from the 1940s – 1950s. However, The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) did reserve many frequencies for educational television (ETV). These stations were just beginning to be used in the early 1950s for universities and other nonprofits. Public-service broadcasters try to show programming that will improve society by informing. This is the main difference between publicRead More Diversity Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesit adapts to culture changes in its environment.The individual learns its culture from its environment more then from its family, or from its social relationships. People found, that over time the world market, would change character to adapt to production and consumption and in its material also in its intellectual process. The intellectual creation of individual nations become common property. From the numerous national and local books, there comes a world literature between all cultures.If the

Eastern Religious Philosophy Quotes Free Essays

The first quotation that I would like to discuss is Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha was a great figure because one day on a trip to the city, he discovered that many people with in the city were suffering. He wanted to know why people had suffered that way they did so he chose to leave his life of luxury, abandon his family and live in the woods as one of them for several years. We will write a custom essay sample on Eastern Religious Philosophy Quotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now When doing he so he came to the conclusion that suffering can be avoided. He explains that ignorance and selfishness causes suffering. Suffering is in part with Karma which means â€Å"action† or â€Å"deed†, karma reflects in the later life through the actions or deeds done right now. Quote: â€Å"All wrong-doing arises because of mind. If mind is transformed can wrong-doing remain? † I like this quote because a person does have a choice to change their selfish ways, by understanding how it affects people, and how ignorance and selfishness can be locked away permanently through cleansing of the mind. Lao Tzu- â€Å"To know that you do not know is the best. To pretend to know when you do not know is a disease. † He believed that even the wisest if humans is still ignorant, and this quote show some reflection on that thought process. Tzu was very interested in how we should live ad different ways that a good society is governed. The quote reminds us that we can always be open to learning and discovering even when we think we have mastered something! Another thing that I would like to add is that Tzu believed that all enduring change is brought by weakness and not by strength; by submission and not intervention. I feel that this means people bring about change on themselves. Selfishness and ignorance can blind us and we eventually have to submit to change. There were three great systems of thought dominate Chinese civilization: Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The predominant system is the one founded by Confucius. He loved to learn and sought a better way and order of doing things. He believed that learning and knowledge must in a way be practical. Confucius – â€Å"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others† Confucius taught that to establish one’s own humane character was important and could be done by following positive role models from the past. People can always better themselves through learning and servicing others. It makes sense that a man who believes these principles would quote such a simplistic, yet profound statement. I chose this quote because it makes a huge point. I feel that this quote is related to karma in a way. I say this because things that a person does to another, can be done right back to them now or in the future. Mencius â€Å"Seek and you will find, neglect and you will lose it† According to Mencius, he believed that the natural goodness of humans was perverted by circumstances. On the other hand he still believed that a person still had time to change their ways. He felt that every person had the potential to set aside the selfish ways, but in order to change they have to recover the lost mind and the forgotten heart. It is a matter of thinking naturally and following intuition and conscience.    How to cite Eastern Religious Philosophy Quotes, Papers

The Public and Young Generation Within Our Society

Question: Describe about the Idea Regarding The Benefits Cuts And Impact To The Public And Young Generation Within Our Society? Answer: Introduction According to the corrected fiscal planning by the government, there is going to be a 26% increase in the taxes, 10% reduction in social welfares and a reduction of 64% in spending cuts on public services. This is a huge decision since the elderlies as well as the younger generation are dependent on the public services. Hence, this decision is likely to serve as a massive blow to them and affect them badly. Therefore, this research is going to make a comprehensive analysis on the impacts of these benefit cuts on every segment of the society. Aim Exploring the implication of benefit cuts on public and young generation Objective: Reviewing the process and the concept of the topic Analyzing the impact of the inference on every section of the society, mostly on the people who are totally reliable on these services The introduction paves way for the research questions which would help in understanding the topic better. The methodology to be used has been discussed along with the work plan and the risks involved are demonstrated. Finally, a conclusion is made on the derivations. Approach An inductive approach is used due to the precision of the results provided by it. The approach will remain the same because of the above stated reason. The qualitative method helps to delve into the fervent reality and thus, gives a better understanding of the issue. A case study design has been employed again to understand the underlying prospects of the study. The case study of this particular case will help to unfold its complexity and significance which is in turn necessary to reveal the impacts of these benefit cuts on people. The primary research strategy is to focus on the younger and older generations and explore the impacts of these benefit cuts on them since they are the most dependent on the public services. Research studies, journals, official books, online sources (credible) etc. types of contemporary literature will make up the secondary data for the study. Work plan The remaining planned work is illustrated with the help of a Gantt chart that will help in identifying the progress rate with the time and they are as follows. Week Task Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Data Collection stage Data analysis stage Conclusion Recommendation for the study Writing of Executive summary Grammar check, printing sub mission The initial stages of the project were completed, which helps in executing the study as per the developed objectives and aims accordingly. Data collection process will be conducted with the help of journals and articles and ion this particular context, secondary data analysis will be conducted. After that, the overall conclusion and recommendation of the study will be depicted as per the obtained findings, which will help in future research study (Austin, 2013). Finally, the executive summary of the study will be developed after analyzing each section effectively and before final submission grammar check will be initiated to make the project a quality price in terms of quality and reliability. Risk assessment Risk assessment is effectively done in this study and proper ethical consideration was taken during the data collection process. The major risk of the study was insufficient data availability but the researcher overcame it by relying on the available abstract and findings (Cuts in specialist services and the impact of diabetes on the young, 2007). Therefore, it can be stated that, the appropriate initiatives for finding the most relevant data helps in reducing the risk of data collection. Beside this, to analyze the overall impact to each individual present within the society was a complex task and for this particular social segments was evaluated to define the evaluating the impact in a coherent way (Zhang et al., 2006). Main body of the draft report The regulatory authorities have launched several policy and schemes for overall community development. In this particular context, those implications of benefits cuts on public and young generation were critically evaluated with the help of standard literature and journals articles (Kmietowicz, 2012). The benefit cuts provide immense impact to a particular public segment and to analyze the impact to the entire community was critical tasks in it. For this, a particular social segment was selected and depending upon the social class the reliable data were collected and evaluated. The explorations of benefits cuts were critically evaluated and the concept and implications of the benefits cuts to the society will be further analyzed with the help of standard literature survey. The suitable literature will help in development of knowledge and concept regarding the study (Pissarides, 1998). Inductive approach is selected for the study and supports the observation and developed theory analy sis regarding the study. Therefore, this particular research approach will help in signifying the study in this particular domain of benefits cuts and impact to the public and young generation. Case study research design will help in understanding the practical impact and real concept of the benefits cuts and reliable understanding will be developed after analyzing different case study (Rajaraman, 2012). Intensive literature searching is the fundamental base of the study, which will help in gathering the required knowledge about the study. Most importantly, the real cases will be illustrated that will provide a clear and precise idea regarding the impact of benefit cuts and how it effect to the individuals within our society. Conclusions The study provides a clear and precise Idea Regarding The Benefits Cuts And Impact To The Public And Young Generation Within Our Society. It is evident from the study that, it was impossible for the researcher to conduct the study by taking the entire community member and, therefore, there has to be an alternative approach that will help indentifying the issues in way that is more efficient. For this, a particular segment of individuals is selected to conduct the research in an innovative way by maintaining the standard and quality (Torjesen, 2016). The developed hypothesis was the benefits cuts provide immense impact to the individuals and the literature survey signifies that the developed facts was real and any kinds of benefits cut results in dissatisfaction to the community members. Furthermore, it can be stated that benefit cut results in minimizing the opportunity provided by the government authority and or this various segments such as employment facility, salary wags, and gov ernmental subsidies of different daily life living activities are impacted significantly. References Austin, J. (2013). NIH Details Impact of Sequestration Cuts. Science. Cuts in specialist services and the impact of diabetes on the young. (2007). Practical Diabetes International, 24(5), pp.278-280. Kmietowicz, Z. (2012). Experts attack government plans to cuts benefits for addicts who refuse treatment. BMJ, 344(may24 1), pp.e3694-e3694. Pissarides, C. (1998). The impact of employment tax cuts on unemployment and wages; The role of unemployment benefits and tax structure. European Economic Review, 42(1), pp.155-183. Rajaraman, I. (2012). The Fiscal Impact of Trade Tariff Cuts: Long-Series Historical Evidence. Global Policy, 3(3), pp.375-383. Torjesen, I. (2016). Austerity cuts are eroding benefits of Sure Start childrens centres. BMJ, p.i335. Zhang, B., Cohen, J., Ferrence, R. and Rehm, J. (2006). The Impact of Tobacco Tax Cuts on Smoking Initiation Among Canadian Young Adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), pp.474-479.

Platos thoughts about education

The modern governing system is a complex network of political parties, and the work of such parties involves moving towards the administration and order in the country. Very often, there are inequalities in the rulings of the governments and social divisions.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Plato’s thoughts about education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The battle between different classes in society, democracy, human rights and the type of government are born through people having private property and the amount, as well as quality of the said attributes connected to the government and its goals. Plato was one amongst several famous thinkers who extensively spoke about government, its types and how the social life and education were all interconnected within a civilized nation. The reality of today shows that there are many people who possess much more than is needed for the necessities of life. T his can be said about any society, as there are always people who are more successful than a large portion of the population and this is true of any nation. Modernization has changed the world, as such, information and knowledge—education, is beginning to play the most important role in the governance and understanding of politics and how the world works. Plato’s thoughts about education focused on the search for talented people and then giving them best education. Then, these people will be running the country because they are better skilled and educated. The state or government will be responsible for giving education to the children and so, the people will get the learning and training that the government and society must have for a well-balanced population. Arts, music and moral development were key points in Plato’s understanding of the learning process which leads to proper governance. Both Aristotle and Plato believed that people must be well educated for the state and benefit of society. Aristotle’s strategy in education, on the other hand, is more structured and repetitive, and it is a good thing because it makes a person used to the order. But human nature is a big part of learning process and a person must trust his or her own feelings and thoughts.Advertising Looking for book review on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Plato’s â€Å"Republic† is filled with moral questions that pertain to forms of government and the most rightful way of carrying out order. One of the problems of the governmental system is that it is centralized; this leads to an inability to closely detail the issues that are the concern of localities and communities. The government should adhere to the issues of the society and the needs of majority. It is extremely difficult to analyze the necessities of people when the physical and moral location is so far away. The workin g class is forced to exist down below, as they have no voice and ability to spring to power. This type of life was existent before and is still continuing. People are very much limited by their resources and ability to voice an opinion that will be heard. One of the most important aspects of any national and working class movement is the organization. The population must be educated on the current issues and unite with the common goal. The main point is to establish a democratic government. It is also desired that countries increase their standards to the international level and join in the mission to help others. This is the time when the developed and the developing worlds should come together in the common direction towards democracy and world peace. This can be seen as a globalization of the world but without the negative effect, which is usually attributed to globalization, in destroying the fabric of the country and its culture. Presently, the countries that are members of NAT O are all liberal market democracies and the decisions taken are usually put forward by the richest members. Moreover, in finding ways on how to address the poorer nations and help them find new ways of functioning, the members simply try to include their participation in the market economy, instead of helping directly. As Plato’s views are reflected in Aristotle’s writings on constitution and government, it is clear that the best type of government is where people have their rights and freedoms protected, and the government exists for the people. As such, the implementation of certain conditions that would require a country to change economic and political set up and act as a tradeoff between people and rulers, it could be one the best avenues to take.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Plato’s thoughts about education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is greatly noticeable that the co operation between the counties and nation with democracy is beneficial to the partnering nations or each individual one. Comparing to the countries where there is anarchy, people live for constant fight with the hope to someday attain victory. The political system of the world makes cooperation very hard but not impossible. One of the most important aspects of democracy between democratic countries, are the citizens and the opinions and relationship they have with the government. It is obvious that even in the ancient times people realized that democracy and parliament are the best primary form of government, while the cooperation and unions of countries and nations is the second step in world unification. Classical conservatives define true national freedom as a privilege that must be controlled from reaching chaotic behaviors. Freedom itself is a good thing but when people are allowed to do whatever they want, they start to act in their own interests and to the detriment of societ y. The government exists, so that it places certain restrains on the individuals in their actions. It must be a part of the orderly system that acts in the greater good of the whole society. The government is beneficial, as it sets criteria on what people can and cannot do, in a civilized manner, thus contributing to the freedom of everyone equally. Aristotle transfers over an idea that was shared with Plato, which is a form of â€Å"personal† relationship with the state or government. There must be a mutual and beneficial relationship between the two, as royalty and trust are an intricate part of any action. The liberals suggest that a government is true when it acts in the greatest benefit of people, works towards disarming of the military while conservatives apt for armed control.Advertising Looking for book review on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been an idea that in case disarming does take place, if there was a chance of war breaking out, the peaceful countries would gather their forces in advance. This would create a great amount of force and deter any violent conflict. In the study of the reasons why democracies have the right idea, realism is the method that is used most often. It is governed by the criteria that all states move towards power and security, while having an anarchic system. And in reality, it is the international system and not the governments themselves that determines the policies of a country. There were several studies that tried to find out the real reason why there was no open conflict between democracies. Some research showed that alongside war there were questionable conditions: civil strife, trade practice, covert subversion. At the same time, there was crisis-management, alliance membership, international treaties and dispute mediation. In reality, it is hard to establish if the democr atic countries are more perfect. There has been countless research that tried to prove if this fact is indeed true. The results showed controversial information; with some even being that this statement is not true. The problem lies in the times that these researches were carried out and the way the society and the world organizations defined proper state of affairs, conflict and peace. Very often, it was said that the only thing that these countries avoided, was openly violent conflict. Throughout history the government has exhibited certain qualities that stay the same even in the modern days. People are always demanding better lives and the governments come up with reasons why these demands cannot be met. In the end, the social battle is between two organizations. The government which has all the resources, power and control and the social class that struggles to make ends meet and support the order and proper ways of life. There are people that know things re supposed to be, and they are thought of as the great thinkers. It is a sad truth, but it should be the other way around, people with great ideas in the government, instead of as outsiders and simple folk. This book review on Plato’s thoughts about education was written and submitted by user Rex Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pandora in Art and Culture essays

Pandora in Art and Culture essays According to our understanding of Greek mythology, Pandora was the first woman created by the gods and given to the humans. According to various versions of the myth she was a true gift to them, or a trap, or even a punishment for accepting forbidden fire. One way or another, she was gifted with great beauty and important skills and charms. Pandora's very name means "All Gifted," and suggests that the gods were most generous to her and to humans through her. However, she was also gifted with a magic jar she was instructed never to open. (Over time this jar was changed into a box in most retellings) When her curiosity ot the better of her and she opened the box, all the ills of the world were released. At the bottom of This archetypical story of how woman infected the world with evil is closely related, and one might even say identical, to the Judeo-Christian story of Eve and the forbidden fruit. Historically Pandora has been consistently morphed with Eve in retellings and art. As with her Judeo- Christian counterpart, the way that society has approached Pandora and her story are a sort of litmus test for the way that society approaches women and their mythological and philosophical relationship to that society. It is interesting to see how Pandora's reflections in art have subtly and certainly changed over the centuries. Pandora was a popular figure in Grecian art, and generally represented as an idealized female progenitor. By the time of the Renaissance she had been sexualized and more thoroughly associated with death, and the sins and dangers of seductive Eve. Still the box takes a secondary place in the focus of the artwork. During the Protestant influenced baroque period her grace and beauty was stripped away leaving only the bloated distortion of female lust and greed behind. At that point she begins to be seen opening the box, and releasing its ills. Yet by ...

Week 4 Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Week 4 Discussion Questions - Essay Example Leadership is an important element in strategy implementation because it provides the vision, the direction, and the emotional impetus to achieve tactical goals. Without it, strategy is naught. An example of a CEO’s key role in strategy implementation may be represented in the case of Cofidis headed by Michel Guillois. When Cofidis was facing stiff competition from web based companies, Michel Guillois guided it through the transition from a primarily direct marketing business to a broad range web marketed enterprise. Furthermore, Michel Guillois leadership style helped negotiate the issues presented in the tactical implementation of the strategy by competitors, cross-culturalism, and unpaid accounts. Thus, leadership is an important element of strategy implementation. Next, under what conditions would it be more appropriate to fill a key management position with someone from outside the firm when a qualified insider is available? There are at least two situations in which this may be appropriate. The first is when all the qualified people in house are needed elsewhere. For example, say Cofidis has the skills to implement a new website full of all of the features necessary to address the current tactical challenges, but those managers skilled in web development are engaged in a data migration project. It might be more feasible for Cofidis to hire from outside than to divert resources in house. Another example is when hiring from outside ads additional benefits. Say where Cofidis is engaging increasingly in web marketing, it may be more cost effective to hire an advertising manager than to have an information systems professional do double duty. Furthermore, it may bring added insights and innovations of the new blood. These are just two of many po ssible reasons a company may want to hire management from the outside even if the skills are present in house. Last, what has gone well and not so well so far in this class? What areas do we

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflection - Essay Example It is a cause of worry since organizations must have continuity in good leadership to be able to maintain its productivity. An organization is safer when it adopts risk prevention measures, and equips current and future leaders with skills necessary to cope with any organizational changes. There are both formal and informal leaders. They all influence an organization towards achieving its goals effectively. Organizational success goes beyond an individual leaders will to achieve and the organizations chain of command. Most importantly, it is how all leaders relate together towards achievement of set goals. This is termed as collective leadership as William (2011) observes. In addition, James and Barry (2001) suggest that several things should be considered. They include: the number of leaders needed currently and expected in the future by an organization. This enables an organization base its leadership strategies on the expected turnover of employees in the organization. Leadership culture entails how leadership is practiced for example employee relations, discharge of duties and working together for a common purpose. The culture ensures that all factors affecting growth and performance of the enterprise are pooled together towards the same set targets. Demand and supply forecasting is crucial in ensuring the number of leaders employed is specific to the present and future expected needs Another factor to consider is the quality of leaders desired. Every organization must aim at employing high quality leaders for a competitive organization. Phillip (2010) sees a leader as a person who owns and takes responsibility for every action an organization takes and feels any loss incurred as his own. For organizational success, there must be leaders who are goal oriented and put all their effort and hard work to ensuring achievement of goals and

Analysing Existing Trends of Space Selling

Analysing Existing Trends of Space Selling Abstract If an ad is created and placed in the media, the costs of creation and time or space in the media must be paid for. This is a major area in which advertising departs from public relations. Advertising doesnt have that problem. If time or space is bought in the media, the ads (as long as they follow the guidelines set down for good taste, legal products and services, etc.) will appear. The drawback is that ads are clearly designed to extol the virtues of products and companies, and any ad is perceived by consumers as at least partly puffery. There are two basic ways to sell anything: personally and non-personally. Personal selling requires the seller and the buyer to get together. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. The first advantage is time: the seller has time to discuss in detail everything about the product. The buyer has time to ask questions, get answers, and examine evidence for or against purchase. A second advantage of personal selling is that the seller can see them. Finally, the seller can easily locate potential buyers. If they enter a store, they probably have an interest in something that store sells. Street vendors and door-to-door sellers can simply shout at possibilities, like the Hyde Park vendors who call out. From there on they fit their message to the individual customer, taking all the time a customer is willing to give them. From the above, it appears that personal selling is much better than advertising, which is non-personal. This is true. Advertising has none of the advantages of personal selling: there is very little time in which to present the sales message, there is no way to know just who the customer is or how she is responding to the message, the message cannot be changed in mid-course to suit the customers reactions. Products, services or ideas are the things that advertisers want consumers to buy (in the case of ideas, buy means accept or agree with as well as lay out hard, cold cash). However, there is more involved in products or services than simply items for purchase. A product is not merely its function. It is actually a bundle of values, what the product means to the consumer. That bundle may contain the products function, but also the social, psychological, economic or whatever other values are important to the consumer. Chapter 1: Introduction In an era when physical tail space is still at a premium, constrained by planning restrictions and rising costs, productive use of space is a key indicator of buying and merchandising success, and high space productivity depends on offering the right range, in a logical layout, with products available and easy for the customer to find. Decisions about how much space to devote to each product line and its location in the store play an important role in the pursuit of merchandising success. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight into this process. 1.1 Space selling management: Space selling constraint applies to all retailers, but in non-store retailing the constraints are different. A mail order retailer, for example, has page space and the number of pages in a publication as constraining factors, whilst a TV shopping channel needs to break down the airtime to different products. However, internet retailing offers great opportunities for adding space without much additional resource input. The main constraint on the amount of space used in a virtual outlet is the customers attention span. In spite of this additional freedom, the objectives of space allocation are essentially the same no matter which retail format is used. The management of retail space is concerned with a number of key objectives. The first is to optimize both short-term and long term returns on the investment cost of retail pace. The second is to provide a logical, convenient and inspiring interface between the product range and the customer. This can be particularly important in a large store, where customers can quite easily become overwhelmed and lost. Another objective is to make sure that the right selection of products is available; that products fit into the retail space and that stock-outs are avoided. Choice for the customer is maximized when the best selection for them is put into the available space. Space allocation aim has an important role to play in communicating the retail brand, When ice is managed centrally it helps a chain of retail outlets to achieve visual consistency, so that customers arc reassured by the similarity of the store layout and shelf appearance. 1.2 The Space Management Process: A retailer goes through a number of stages when allocating space to products. These four stages will they used as a framework for the Inclusion of discussion topics within this chapter. Measuring Space Selling: Although space in a store outlet is three dimensional, retail space is often measured in square, rather than cubic units, Square units arc appropriate where, for example in fashion retailing, a variety of single tier fixtures stand on the shop Iloor (see FigureS. I). Many fixtures, however, arc multilevel and so more appropriate ways of measuring space to allocate might be on the basis of linear or cubic footage (see Figures 8.2 and 8.3). Measurements of space that are more specific to individual retailers might be useful, such as the number of pages to be published in a catalogue or the total number of fixtures available in an outlet. Space Productivity: The two principal measures of retail success arc sales and profits. Sales volume and profitability can also he measured in relation to the amount of space used to generate those levels of sales and profits. This can then be compared with the level of financial investment in that space. The resulting measures express the productivity of retail space. Sales (or profits) per square meter is a commonly used measure of retail space productivity, which is an important concept in the evaluation of retail product management performance. Dividing the space into selling areas: At this stage, space management is concerned with allocating space to different product areas, defined according to individual retail businesses, but usually on the basis of product (department or category. The amount of space will he determined to a greater extent on previous performance indicators, typically sales values. However, sonic products, because of their physical characteristics may need disproportionate amounts of space in relation to sales. In a department store, home furnishings may need a relatively large amount of space to generate a good level of sales because the products are bulky, a large variety of merchandise is needed for customers to choose from and a lot of display space is needed to do the product justice. On the other hand, jewellery is a high value product category that needs relatively small amounts of space for display and selling purposes. The stage a product category is at in its life cycle is likely to influence the space allocation at this level. If a category is growing, then more space should be allocated, whereas a declining category needs to have its space rationalizes. Measuring selling space using square metres Using linear measurement for space selling Using cubic measurement for space selling Typical â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"hotspots In a Space selling Particularly evident in department stores, where specialist products such as furniture and home entertainment, as well as hairdressing salons and customer service departments   located on basement or upper floors, Customer flow can also be encouraged by locating high demand items throughout the store layout, with plenty of impulse items located in between. Retailers need to find a balance between maximizing sales of high demand products, generating flow around slower selling products (which may have higher profit margins), and providing logic and convenience in the layout for the customer, Product adjacencies: A logical route through the different product categories or departments is part of a customer focused offer, and can encourage linked sales. For example, in a baby equipment retailer like Mother cares it makes sense for merchandise to be grouped into themes for space planning purposes. These product themes are then presented in a logical way to the customer as they move through the store. Products for immediate needs, such as feeding and general baby care come first, followed by bath time and clothes; and then on to the more expensive, one purchases in the travel and nursery departments. The barbecue season provides a good opportunity for retailers to generate interest and sell distinctive groups of complementary products. Some of these products are strictly seasonal: the barbecues themselves and the briquettes for example. However, other products can be given additional space allocations in the seasonal aisle as part of the â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"barbecue category. Firelighters, matches, marinades, sauces, disposable tableware and beer are products that are found around the supermarket throughout the year, but are given a boost In the barbecue season by being merchandised as complementary goods. It is estimated that guests take an average equivalent of eight drinks when they are Invited to a barbecue, and â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"studies (bulk packed small bottles of beer) are particularly popular for barbecues as they are easy to handle, â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"women friendly, and easily chilled. Whilst the majority of barbecue beer is bulk purchased In advance from supermarkets, and then chilled down at home, convenience store retailers are often used for guests to buy drinks en route, and so providing chilled beer becomes important for this type of retail format. Allocation space to individual product: Having made a plan for the layout of departments or categories within the retail outlet, the next stage is to make a decision about exactly how individual product lines should be displayed within the outlet, whether the product is going to sit on a fixture, or be represented by a photograph within a page spread. Various approaches to space allocation are discussed, for example by using sales or profits as a guideline, some practical challenges arc considered, and the relationship between category management and space allocation is explored in this section. Allocating space on the basis of sale: The guiding principle here is the more a product sells, the more space it should be given. Retaining a high stock service level will depend on retailers ensuring that they devote enough space to a high demand product, such as milk, to prevent replenishment of that item becoming inefficient and inconvenient to the customer. A fast selling item however may not be one that a retailer makes much profit on (again milk is a good example), and so they may decide to allocate more space to their profitable lines. In taking this approach, however, the retailer is likely to encounter the problem of not devoting enough space to fast moving lines, so a balance has to be achieved. Another decision that has to be made is which â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"sales figure should he used for the allocation exercise, Alternatives are historical sales figures (for that outlet); market share figures; or projected sales figures. Store A is a branch of clothing retailer XYZ in a medium sized town centre. Ten miles away there Is a regional shopping centre where branch B Is located and twelve miles In the opposite direction, branch store C Is located In the heart of a city centre shopping complex. The policy of retailer XYZ is to offer a returns policy In all of its stores for products bought in any outlet nationwide (including those purchased from its web site). Shoppers from the town where store A is located, often take shopping trips to the neighboring centres, where B and C are located, especially if they are wanting to make a major purchase such as a coat or a suit, and require a wide choice of retail stores to select from. Unfortunately for store A, any unwanted products usually end up being returned to the customers local store. This has the effect of distorting the sales figures for store A, upon which space allocation decisions are made. Unfortunately, the retailers information system does not recogniz e the difference between a returned garment from the original store and one returned from a different outlet. In order to counteract this problem, which can be quite widespread, a retailer would need to allocate space on the basis of estimated sales rather than historical sales. Space elasticity: Allocating space according to a measure of sales assumes that there a relationship between the amount of space and the rate of sales, this relationship is termed the space elasticity of a product and it refers to the extent to which the sales of a product will change in response to a changed. In the amount of space allocated to that product Research suggests that space elasticity not uniform amongst products, or across stores or departmental locations. Using profit measures as a basis for space allocation ill prevent a business manager from allocating large amounts of best quality retail space to unprofitable products. They could mean, however, that a retailer was allocating unnecessarily large amounts of space to products that would sell as well with a smaller space. Profitable lines may not in fact sell very quickly at all, and allocating extra facings or shelves of the product may have very little impact on the sales of the product. In this case the quality of the space becomes important, so the retailer can locate high profit items in locations around the stare that arc better selling. The relationship between the sales and generated by different products, and suggests how space and ranging decisions should be made accordingly. Allocating space according to sales, and in particular, product profitability, is working with the interests of the retailer, and not the customer in mind and therefore may suggest an illogical and prese ntation of products. Long term profitability depends on customer loyalty, which is dependent (among many other things) upon being satisfied with the presentation and assortment of products. Fine tuning the allocation of space within a retail outlet therefore requires extensive amounts of high quality data, together with a pragmatic and customer orientated managerial approach at store level. Productivity and efficiency and towards are visual display improvements. Once an optimum level of efficiency is achieved, space planners can move onto the objective of making their products and fixtures more attractive than their competitors. Some of the latest planning systems are able to simulate the entire store environment, so that the product manager can view an attractive plan in virtual reality and make any adjustments they fed are necessary. Recent space optimization technology applications offer the opportunity to create specific platform. Space Allocation and Category Management: Although the performance of individual product lines is Important to retailers in terms of the rate of sales which influences availability and the levels of contribution to turnover and profitability, the focus of performance In many retail organizations is at product category, rather than individual SKU level. A retailer is more interested in overall levels of sales and profits generated by their product range, rather than the sales of a single line that might be of interest to its manufacturer. The product category has emerged as a manageable classification for most aspects of product management, and certainly applies in the case of space management. In fact, many would argue that space planning and allocation and the systems that drive the process can only be properly implemented in tandem with a category management approach. Category management seeks to optimize the depth and variety of a product assortment within a specified amount of retail space and to generate maximum profitability by seeking efficiency in the operations that support the depth and variety. This includes replenishing to guarantee availability and adding new products and running promotions to generate customer interest and increase short term sales of particular products, without harming the overall profitability of the category. Space allocation systems allow (Inc tuning of a category assortment, provide the means by which product and category performance can be monitored and analyzed. and by using the programme output the plans can he easily communicated and successfully implemented within the various retail out lets. In some categories key brands are dominant, in which case their presence needs to have immediate impact within the space allocation plan. Other categories are very competitive, in which case low price, budget own brand and promotional products strongly on the promotional. Many businesses use the principle that shoppers will a category from bottom to top, and left to right, and so well-known brands arc placed on middle and lower shelves on the left of the category space in order to provide strong cues to the customer. Premium products meanwhile are placed on high level shelves, selecting their high quality positioning, and the fact that the customer for premium products will seek out the better quality product within the category. In some categories the customer decision-making processes are quite unique and nerd to he fully reflected within space allocation plans. For example, the decision sequence for wine is generally as follows: Colour Country of origin Price Level - Brand Whereas the decision sequence for yoghurt might be: Natural or flavored type (low fat, standard or luxury) - Price Level Brand Name These decision processes should determine how products arc displayed within the category space. In certain modes, if the product is maintained in the offer, long-term customer satisfaction will be retained In spite of the Individual poor product performance. Therefore it is the stores personality traits that determine the core product ranges, and not the size; the size of the outlet determines the width and depth of the selling type that would appeal to the local customers, Stores are empowered with the merchandise that allows them to drive local market opportunities and local suppliers can also be involved in the process of providing tailored products for individual store needs, As retailers offer more formats from which customers may choose to shop, format preferences and product preferences can be matched, For example, Tesco found that its online shoppers tended to from more affluent backgrounds, and so the on-line product offer is tailored accordingly, with a large range of wines and few value lines, For many small retailers the cost of a computerized space planning is prohibitive, and so many rely on basic sales and profit margin analysis combined with trial and error in space allocation decision making. 1.3 Summary: A great deal of space selling is carried out in order to achieve relatively short-term retail objectives, such as maximizing the benefits of a product or departmental promotion, meeting seasonal sales figures, or improving branch profitability. However, the long term strategic objectives of the retailer provide the framework within which these decisions are taken. Space allocations must be in line with the overall positioning strategy of the retailer; the variety and depth of assortment and the stock availability service level should not be compromised by the need for short-term productivity gains. In addition, the arrangement of products around the store needs to be considered in the light of the contribution that product items, brands and categories make to the positioning statement, it may be necessary to over-represent new products or to allocate extra space to growing or seasonal categories in order to reinforce an innovative product positioning strategy. The local customer prof ile may also lead to exceptional space allocations in an effort to meet individuals requirements more closely. However, the retailers space is the extent of its empire, and every inch of that space must be used to its maximum effect even if, as we shall see in the next two chapters, some space is designed to he devoid of products. The measurement of that effect, however, must be appropriate in terms of the overall aims for that space. Chapter 2: Literature Review Space Selling: Space selling refers to space available for advertising in different media. The advertising media available are print, electronic outdoor. The space available and intend for advertising in different media. Decision about how much space to devote to each product line and its location plays an important role in the pursuit of merchandising success. The aim of this thesis is to have an insight into this process. First will have to understand that the services of every publication/channel, costs of space selling. The ads featured in it. And a space seller to sell that advertising space/time to potential advertisers. 2.1 UCPL acquires marketing and space-selling rights for Lemon TV and Jhankar TV: K Sera Seras recently launched free-to-air channels music channel Lemon TV, and Hindi movie channel Jhankar TV have appointed Universal Communication Pvt. Ltd (UCPL) for their marketing and space-selling rights. UCPL is a player in the space of airtime selling and marketing of serials, television programmes and feature films for various television networks in India. Jhankar TV will particularly target the Hindi speaking audience. This is a channel that would reach to the audience of cable and satellite in UP, Bihar, MP and Rajasthan. On the other hand, for Lemon TV, they are planning to have different kinds of event and programmes like Lemon party. This will bring in more interactivity too with the relevant TG. When asked about the marketing challenges for these new channels, Every new channel in India right now faces the challenges of clutter and telling the advertiser what difference does this channel bring to the table, and what is the value addition. These channels are also in the same situation and we are confident about overcoming these challenges. UCPL is associated with media and advertising agencies like Mindshare, Mediaedge:cia, Madison, McCann Erickson, Lintas, etc., and with clients like Hindustan Unilever, Procter Gamble, and Godrej, among others. As a company, UCPL has now diversified into full-fledged events and brand promotions, striving to create and mange innovative concepts, thus offering their client complete 360-degree solutions. 2.2 Using the blogging concept to sell wikis: If a person understands what a blog is, the wiki may be compared and contrasted to a blog. A blog enables a single person to get a message out. A wiki enables a group of persons to assemble a body of knowledge. A wiki can be presented as a blog with one major post (the purpose, topic, idea of the wiki) that others can build knowledge around, without the initiating post getting buried in archives as new posts arrive and are displayed in reverse chronological order. A wiki may be sold as a horizontal blog platform. Blogs are vertical, recent updates on top, all others shoved down into oblivion, with only tags, categorical sidebar listings, or site search to dredge them up again. But a wiki distributes all the information in a more horizontal, flat, single surface that stretches through pages spread out, not sedimented. The wiki may be sold as a web site set up for idea construction; it is team-architected rather than single-authored. Blogs tend to be univocal and identifiable; one known person expounding a position, with audience members invited to comment on the sermonizing, but not really authorized to begin their own topic threads. Wikis are multimodal and transiently anonymous, many unknown people working together. A wiki, thus is like a super-democratized blog. A blog where the walls between bloggers are audience is dissolved. The audience members become the contributing authors and the originating authors become the audience, and vice vers a. 2.3 Modern Trends in Working Styles: Another interesting way of presenting wikis has to do with the fact that they allow for easy remote working. One of the main advantages a wiki provides is the fact that it is available from any internet-connected web browser, at any time. Information can be worked on efficiently in an asynchronous manner. In this regard, wikis solve tricky coordination problems. Whats more, a wiki provides a virtual space where all relevant business information can be stored. Hence people working from different places, at different times of the day can still end up with a coherent document. A wiki is more efficient than e-mail for the resulting document can almost be exploited immediately and its last version is always on top (which is quite useful when working with more then one person). 2.4 The Advantages of Asynchronous Communication: Wiki content growth and increasing value in an organization by facilitating asynchronous communication which is often more convenient than other forms of collaboration that require face time or same time. On the other extreme, making large batches of content (Power Point, White Papers) are inefficient simply because they require the author to provide context and content, some of which may be error laden or out-of-date. Wikis allow smaller batches of contribution to appear at any time, thus relieving two bottlenecks to collaboration. Add to this the fact that they are completely auditable for contribution, and the need for creating credit concurrently is removed. 2.5 ROI on social software: Being able to make a business case will be very important to all convince for every enterprises and after than to make a start on adopting social software. Charlene Li has a contribution about ROI on blogging. But Return on investment has to be calculated for all sorts of social software. Then again, ROI is becoming increasingly irrelevant when online collaboration tools and social media platforms are available for free, or at extremely low cost. Many companies find they can get along just fine with the free versions of blogs (lBlogger), podcasting (Odeo), video uploading and player embeds (YouTube), and wikis (Socialtext). ROT (return on time) is the far more challenging aspect of social software. It takes a significant investment in time to become known in the blogosphere, for example. Bloggers must spend large amounts of time in researching topics, writing posts, linking to other Blogs, interacting with comment posters, reading other Blogs, posting comments at other Blogs, producing multimedia content, emailing other bloggers, and adding features and functionalities to a blog. All this in addition to remaining informed about ones industry or field of study. Warning top management about falling behind in competitive technology should be sufficient to begin a case for online collaboration tools. Explaining that the trends are massively aligned, user-generated content, customer co-creation of product, corporate contributions to innovation, and universal content utopia, advocates of social software and user media can point to great examples of Peer Pioneers companies leading the way: PG, IBM/Linux, Second Life, Digg, Jigsaw, YouTube, and InnoCentive. 2.6 Successful Strategies for Selling Ad Space on Low-Traffic Websites: Upon first thinking about it, the idea of selling advertising on a website or blog with limited traffic seems a bit daft. After all, arent most advertisers interested in putting their product in front of the highest number of eyeballs possible? Approaching them with piddly visitor numbers seems like a surefire way to end up in the deleted folder. But though it may feel like putting the cart before the horse, there are many good reasons and ways to sell ad space on low-traffic websites. What you need to always keep in mind is that, while advertisers are drawn to high traffic numbers, they desire something else even more: high conversion rates. There are plenty of success stories of websites that have limited traffic but sell a ton of advertising. These websites succeed because they do one thing well: they deliver the right type of customer to the right type of business. Space selling concept: * Take a close look at your website Whether they sell landscape or skyscraper ads, text ads, video or any other format, they have to offer something of value before you can start to sell advertising space. They know this sound obvious, but it always surprises them how many publishers and online media owners come up with a niche product that nobody wants to buy advertising space in! If they are going to make a fortune in selling subscriptions or other membership related offerings, then fine but in most cases, forget about their hobby or leisure interest, unless it is unique and offers a great angle. Do make sure their product is going to be attractive to a large enough audience before they attempt to sell advertising and if they have a fair bit of competition, make sure that they have some unique selling points and formats. As they move into Web 2.0 the requirements from a lot of advertisers will change. If they can offer a new format or idea and take the hard work out of it for th e advertiser, they are onto a winner. If they dont, theyll lose out to their rivals. * Choosing ad formats that will sell Not all ad formats sell well on ALL websites. Put another way, some ads work better on consumer websites than they do on business sites and visa versa. The trick is to test their ads with different messages, fonts, colours and designs. This research will be well worth it in the end and can make the difference between making a decent revenue stream and making a substantial one. One of the biggest things to bear in mind is where the advertising should be placed. If they sell products on their site, there is very little point displaying adverts, which could detract potential customers away from their own sales message. So, the first thing they need to do is highlight the sections and pages where they are happy to accept advertising. When they have done that, they can then take a look at design and placement. Always think of the customer when you think about designs, placements and tracking. Make it simple for advertisers to find and relate to the f ormats, as they will have to justify the ad spend to their bosses. * Reporting and statistics This is a vital part of their business! Remember, communication is the key to long-term success. If they dont have a good reporting and stats package in place, then they will find it difficult to show their customers what they are/could be getting from their services. This can take a bit of time to set up, but it really is worth the time and money they put into it. Once in place, it can be automated to match their business model and to provide an essential package for their existing and potential customers. Remember out of sight, out of mind leave it to their competitors to make this mistake! * What are their competitors doing well? Even if they are offering a good service, they bet there is something they can learn from their competition. Some media companies do have the luxury of having someone w Analysing Existing Trends of Space Selling Analysing Existing Trends of Space Selling Abstract If an ad is created and placed in the media, the costs of creation and time or space in the media must be paid for. This is a major area in which advertising departs from public relations. Advertising doesnt have that problem. If time or space is bought in the media, the ads (as long as they follow the guidelines set down for good taste, legal products and services, etc.) will appear. The drawback is that ads are clearly designed to extol the virtues of products and companies, and any ad is perceived by consumers as at least partly puffery. There are two basic ways to sell anything: personally and non-personally. Personal selling requires the seller and the buyer to get together. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. The first advantage is time: the seller has time to discuss in detail everything about the product. The buyer has time to ask questions, get answers, and examine evidence for or against purchase. A second advantage of personal selling is that the seller can see them. Finally, the seller can easily locate potential buyers. If they enter a store, they probably have an interest in something that store sells. Street vendors and door-to-door sellers can simply shout at possibilities, like the Hyde Park vendors who call out. From there on they fit their message to the individual customer, taking all the time a customer is willing to give them. From the above, it appears that personal selling is much better than advertising, which is non-personal. This is true. Advertising has none of the advantages of personal selling: there is very little time in which to present the sales message, there is no way to know just who the customer is or how she is responding to the message, the message cannot be changed in mid-course to suit the customers reactions. Products, services or ideas are the things that advertisers want consumers to buy (in the case of ideas, buy means accept or agree with as well as lay out hard, cold cash). However, there is more involved in products or services than simply items for purchase. A product is not merely its function. It is actually a bundle of values, what the product means to the consumer. That bundle may contain the products function, but also the social, psychological, economic or whatever other values are important to the consumer. Chapter 1: Introduction In an era when physical tail space is still at a premium, constrained by planning restrictions and rising costs, productive use of space is a key indicator of buying and merchandising success, and high space productivity depends on offering the right range, in a logical layout, with products available and easy for the customer to find. Decisions about how much space to devote to each product line and its location in the store play an important role in the pursuit of merchandising success. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight into this process. 1.1 Space selling management: Space selling constraint applies to all retailers, but in non-store retailing the constraints are different. A mail order retailer, for example, has page space and the number of pages in a publication as constraining factors, whilst a TV shopping channel needs to break down the airtime to different products. However, internet retailing offers great opportunities for adding space without much additional resource input. The main constraint on the amount of space used in a virtual outlet is the customers attention span. In spite of this additional freedom, the objectives of space allocation are essentially the same no matter which retail format is used. The management of retail space is concerned with a number of key objectives. The first is to optimize both short-term and long term returns on the investment cost of retail pace. The second is to provide a logical, convenient and inspiring interface between the product range and the customer. This can be particularly important in a large store, where customers can quite easily become overwhelmed and lost. Another objective is to make sure that the right selection of products is available; that products fit into the retail space and that stock-outs are avoided. Choice for the customer is maximized when the best selection for them is put into the available space. Space allocation aim has an important role to play in communicating the retail brand, When ice is managed centrally it helps a chain of retail outlets to achieve visual consistency, so that customers arc reassured by the similarity of the store layout and shelf appearance. 1.2 The Space Management Process: A retailer goes through a number of stages when allocating space to products. These four stages will they used as a framework for the Inclusion of discussion topics within this chapter. Measuring Space Selling: Although space in a store outlet is three dimensional, retail space is often measured in square, rather than cubic units, Square units arc appropriate where, for example in fashion retailing, a variety of single tier fixtures stand on the shop Iloor (see FigureS. I). Many fixtures, however, arc multilevel and so more appropriate ways of measuring space to allocate might be on the basis of linear or cubic footage (see Figures 8.2 and 8.3). Measurements of space that are more specific to individual retailers might be useful, such as the number of pages to be published in a catalogue or the total number of fixtures available in an outlet. Space Productivity: The two principal measures of retail success arc sales and profits. Sales volume and profitability can also he measured in relation to the amount of space used to generate those levels of sales and profits. This can then be compared with the level of financial investment in that space. The resulting measures express the productivity of retail space. Sales (or profits) per square meter is a commonly used measure of retail space productivity, which is an important concept in the evaluation of retail product management performance. Dividing the space into selling areas: At this stage, space management is concerned with allocating space to different product areas, defined according to individual retail businesses, but usually on the basis of product (department or category. The amount of space will he determined to a greater extent on previous performance indicators, typically sales values. However, sonic products, because of their physical characteristics may need disproportionate amounts of space in relation to sales. In a department store, home furnishings may need a relatively large amount of space to generate a good level of sales because the products are bulky, a large variety of merchandise is needed for customers to choose from and a lot of display space is needed to do the product justice. On the other hand, jewellery is a high value product category that needs relatively small amounts of space for display and selling purposes. The stage a product category is at in its life cycle is likely to influence the space allocation at this level. If a category is growing, then more space should be allocated, whereas a declining category needs to have its space rationalizes. Measuring selling space using square metres Using linear measurement for space selling Using cubic measurement for space selling Typical â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"hotspots In a Space selling Particularly evident in department stores, where specialist products such as furniture and home entertainment, as well as hairdressing salons and customer service departments   located on basement or upper floors, Customer flow can also be encouraged by locating high demand items throughout the store layout, with plenty of impulse items located in between. Retailers need to find a balance between maximizing sales of high demand products, generating flow around slower selling products (which may have higher profit margins), and providing logic and convenience in the layout for the customer, Product adjacencies: A logical route through the different product categories or departments is part of a customer focused offer, and can encourage linked sales. For example, in a baby equipment retailer like Mother cares it makes sense for merchandise to be grouped into themes for space planning purposes. These product themes are then presented in a logical way to the customer as they move through the store. Products for immediate needs, such as feeding and general baby care come first, followed by bath time and clothes; and then on to the more expensive, one purchases in the travel and nursery departments. The barbecue season provides a good opportunity for retailers to generate interest and sell distinctive groups of complementary products. Some of these products are strictly seasonal: the barbecues themselves and the briquettes for example. However, other products can be given additional space allocations in the seasonal aisle as part of the â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"barbecue category. Firelighters, matches, marinades, sauces, disposable tableware and beer are products that are found around the supermarket throughout the year, but are given a boost In the barbecue season by being merchandised as complementary goods. It is estimated that guests take an average equivalent of eight drinks when they are Invited to a barbecue, and â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"studies (bulk packed small bottles of beer) are particularly popular for barbecues as they are easy to handle, â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"women friendly, and easily chilled. Whilst the majority of barbecue beer is bulk purchased In advance from supermarkets, and then chilled down at home, convenience store retailers are often used for guests to buy drinks en route, and so providing chilled beer becomes important for this type of retail format. Allocation space to individual product: Having made a plan for the layout of departments or categories within the retail outlet, the next stage is to make a decision about exactly how individual product lines should be displayed within the outlet, whether the product is going to sit on a fixture, or be represented by a photograph within a page spread. Various approaches to space allocation are discussed, for example by using sales or profits as a guideline, some practical challenges arc considered, and the relationship between category management and space allocation is explored in this section. Allocating space on the basis of sale: The guiding principle here is the more a product sells, the more space it should be given. Retaining a high stock service level will depend on retailers ensuring that they devote enough space to a high demand product, such as milk, to prevent replenishment of that item becoming inefficient and inconvenient to the customer. A fast selling item however may not be one that a retailer makes much profit on (again milk is a good example), and so they may decide to allocate more space to their profitable lines. In taking this approach, however, the retailer is likely to encounter the problem of not devoting enough space to fast moving lines, so a balance has to be achieved. Another decision that has to be made is which â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"sales figure should he used for the allocation exercise, Alternatives are historical sales figures (for that outlet); market share figures; or projected sales figures. Store A is a branch of clothing retailer XYZ in a medium sized town centre. Ten miles away there Is a regional shopping centre where branch B Is located and twelve miles In the opposite direction, branch store C Is located In the heart of a city centre shopping complex. The policy of retailer XYZ is to offer a returns policy In all of its stores for products bought in any outlet nationwide (including those purchased from its web site). Shoppers from the town where store A is located, often take shopping trips to the neighboring centres, where B and C are located, especially if they are wanting to make a major purchase such as a coat or a suit, and require a wide choice of retail stores to select from. Unfortunately for store A, any unwanted products usually end up being returned to the customers local store. This has the effect of distorting the sales figures for store A, upon which space allocation decisions are made. Unfortunately, the retailers information system does not recogniz e the difference between a returned garment from the original store and one returned from a different outlet. In order to counteract this problem, which can be quite widespread, a retailer would need to allocate space on the basis of estimated sales rather than historical sales. Space elasticity: Allocating space according to a measure of sales assumes that there a relationship between the amount of space and the rate of sales, this relationship is termed the space elasticity of a product and it refers to the extent to which the sales of a product will change in response to a changed. In the amount of space allocated to that product Research suggests that space elasticity not uniform amongst products, or across stores or departmental locations. Using profit measures as a basis for space allocation ill prevent a business manager from allocating large amounts of best quality retail space to unprofitable products. They could mean, however, that a retailer was allocating unnecessarily large amounts of space to products that would sell as well with a smaller space. Profitable lines may not in fact sell very quickly at all, and allocating extra facings or shelves of the product may have very little impact on the sales of the product. In this case the quality of the space becomes important, so the retailer can locate high profit items in locations around the stare that arc better selling. The relationship between the sales and generated by different products, and suggests how space and ranging decisions should be made accordingly. Allocating space according to sales, and in particular, product profitability, is working with the interests of the retailer, and not the customer in mind and therefore may suggest an illogical and prese ntation of products. Long term profitability depends on customer loyalty, which is dependent (among many other things) upon being satisfied with the presentation and assortment of products. Fine tuning the allocation of space within a retail outlet therefore requires extensive amounts of high quality data, together with a pragmatic and customer orientated managerial approach at store level. Productivity and efficiency and towards are visual display improvements. Once an optimum level of efficiency is achieved, space planners can move onto the objective of making their products and fixtures more attractive than their competitors. Some of the latest planning systems are able to simulate the entire store environment, so that the product manager can view an attractive plan in virtual reality and make any adjustments they fed are necessary. Recent space optimization technology applications offer the opportunity to create specific platform. Space Allocation and Category Management: Although the performance of individual product lines is Important to retailers in terms of the rate of sales which influences availability and the levels of contribution to turnover and profitability, the focus of performance In many retail organizations is at product category, rather than individual SKU level. A retailer is more interested in overall levels of sales and profits generated by their product range, rather than the sales of a single line that might be of interest to its manufacturer. The product category has emerged as a manageable classification for most aspects of product management, and certainly applies in the case of space management. In fact, many would argue that space planning and allocation and the systems that drive the process can only be properly implemented in tandem with a category management approach. Category management seeks to optimize the depth and variety of a product assortment within a specified amount of retail space and to generate maximum profitability by seeking efficiency in the operations that support the depth and variety. This includes replenishing to guarantee availability and adding new products and running promotions to generate customer interest and increase short term sales of particular products, without harming the overall profitability of the category. Space allocation systems allow (Inc tuning of a category assortment, provide the means by which product and category performance can be monitored and analyzed. and by using the programme output the plans can he easily communicated and successfully implemented within the various retail out lets. In some categories key brands are dominant, in which case their presence needs to have immediate impact within the space allocation plan. Other categories are very competitive, in which case low price, budget own brand and promotional products strongly on the promotional. Many businesses use the principle that shoppers will a category from bottom to top, and left to right, and so well-known brands arc placed on middle and lower shelves on the left of the category space in order to provide strong cues to the customer. Premium products meanwhile are placed on high level shelves, selecting their high quality positioning, and the fact that the customer for premium products will seek out the better quality product within the category. In some categories the customer decision-making processes are quite unique and nerd to he fully reflected within space allocation plans. For example, the decision sequence for wine is generally as follows: Colour Country of origin Price Level - Brand Whereas the decision sequence for yoghurt might be: Natural or flavored type (low fat, standard or luxury) - Price Level Brand Name These decision processes should determine how products arc displayed within the category space. In certain modes, if the product is maintained in the offer, long-term customer satisfaction will be retained In spite of the Individual poor product performance. Therefore it is the stores personality traits that determine the core product ranges, and not the size; the size of the outlet determines the width and depth of the selling type that would appeal to the local customers, Stores are empowered with the merchandise that allows them to drive local market opportunities and local suppliers can also be involved in the process of providing tailored products for individual store needs, As retailers offer more formats from which customers may choose to shop, format preferences and product preferences can be matched, For example, Tesco found that its online shoppers tended to from more affluent backgrounds, and so the on-line product offer is tailored accordingly, with a large range of wines and few value lines, For many small retailers the cost of a computerized space planning is prohibitive, and so many rely on basic sales and profit margin analysis combined with trial and error in space allocation decision making. 1.3 Summary: A great deal of space selling is carried out in order to achieve relatively short-term retail objectives, such as maximizing the benefits of a product or departmental promotion, meeting seasonal sales figures, or improving branch profitability. However, the long term strategic objectives of the retailer provide the framework within which these decisions are taken. Space allocations must be in line with the overall positioning strategy of the retailer; the variety and depth of assortment and the stock availability service level should not be compromised by the need for short-term productivity gains. In addition, the arrangement of products around the store needs to be considered in the light of the contribution that product items, brands and categories make to the positioning statement, it may be necessary to over-represent new products or to allocate extra space to growing or seasonal categories in order to reinforce an innovative product positioning strategy. The local customer prof ile may also lead to exceptional space allocations in an effort to meet individuals requirements more closely. However, the retailers space is the extent of its empire, and every inch of that space must be used to its maximum effect even if, as we shall see in the next two chapters, some space is designed to he devoid of products. The measurement of that effect, however, must be appropriate in terms of the overall aims for that space. Chapter 2: Literature Review Space Selling: Space selling refers to space available for advertising in different media. The advertising media available are print, electronic outdoor. The space available and intend for advertising in different media. Decision about how much space to devote to each product line and its location plays an important role in the pursuit of merchandising success. The aim of this thesis is to have an insight into this process. First will have to understand that the services of every publication/channel, costs of space selling. The ads featured in it. And a space seller to sell that advertising space/time to potential advertisers. 2.1 UCPL acquires marketing and space-selling rights for Lemon TV and Jhankar TV: K Sera Seras recently launched free-to-air channels music channel Lemon TV, and Hindi movie channel Jhankar TV have appointed Universal Communication Pvt. Ltd (UCPL) for their marketing and space-selling rights. UCPL is a player in the space of airtime selling and marketing of serials, television programmes and feature films for various television networks in India. Jhankar TV will particularly target the Hindi speaking audience. This is a channel that would reach to the audience of cable and satellite in UP, Bihar, MP and Rajasthan. On the other hand, for Lemon TV, they are planning to have different kinds of event and programmes like Lemon party. This will bring in more interactivity too with the relevant TG. When asked about the marketing challenges for these new channels, Every new channel in India right now faces the challenges of clutter and telling the advertiser what difference does this channel bring to the table, and what is the value addition. These channels are also in the same situation and we are confident about overcoming these challenges. UCPL is associated with media and advertising agencies like Mindshare, Mediaedge:cia, Madison, McCann Erickson, Lintas, etc., and with clients like Hindustan Unilever, Procter Gamble, and Godrej, among others. As a company, UCPL has now diversified into full-fledged events and brand promotions, striving to create and mange innovative concepts, thus offering their client complete 360-degree solutions. 2.2 Using the blogging concept to sell wikis: If a person understands what a blog is, the wiki may be compared and contrasted to a blog. A blog enables a single person to get a message out. A wiki enables a group of persons to assemble a body of knowledge. A wiki can be presented as a blog with one major post (the purpose, topic, idea of the wiki) that others can build knowledge around, without the initiating post getting buried in archives as new posts arrive and are displayed in reverse chronological order. A wiki may be sold as a horizontal blog platform. Blogs are vertical, recent updates on top, all others shoved down into oblivion, with only tags, categorical sidebar listings, or site search to dredge them up again. But a wiki distributes all the information in a more horizontal, flat, single surface that stretches through pages spread out, not sedimented. The wiki may be sold as a web site set up for idea construction; it is team-architected rather than single-authored. Blogs tend to be univocal and identifiable; one known person expounding a position, with audience members invited to comment on the sermonizing, but not really authorized to begin their own topic threads. Wikis are multimodal and transiently anonymous, many unknown people working together. A wiki, thus is like a super-democratized blog. A blog where the walls between bloggers are audience is dissolved. The audience members become the contributing authors and the originating authors become the audience, and vice vers a. 2.3 Modern Trends in Working Styles: Another interesting way of presenting wikis has to do with the fact that they allow for easy remote working. One of the main advantages a wiki provides is the fact that it is available from any internet-connected web browser, at any time. Information can be worked on efficiently in an asynchronous manner. In this regard, wikis solve tricky coordination problems. Whats more, a wiki provides a virtual space where all relevant business information can be stored. Hence people working from different places, at different times of the day can still end up with a coherent document. A wiki is more efficient than e-mail for the resulting document can almost be exploited immediately and its last version is always on top (which is quite useful when working with more then one person). 2.4 The Advantages of Asynchronous Communication: Wiki content growth and increasing value in an organization by facilitating asynchronous communication which is often more convenient than other forms of collaboration that require face time or same time. On the other extreme, making large batches of content (Power Point, White Papers) are inefficient simply because they require the author to provide context and content, some of which may be error laden or out-of-date. Wikis allow smaller batches of contribution to appear at any time, thus relieving two bottlenecks to collaboration. Add to this the fact that they are completely auditable for contribution, and the need for creating credit concurrently is removed. 2.5 ROI on social software: Being able to make a business case will be very important to all convince for every enterprises and after than to make a start on adopting social software. Charlene Li has a contribution about ROI on blogging. But Return on investment has to be calculated for all sorts of social software. Then again, ROI is becoming increasingly irrelevant when online collaboration tools and social media platforms are available for free, or at extremely low cost. Many companies find they can get along just fine with the free versions of blogs (lBlogger), podcasting (Odeo), video uploading and player embeds (YouTube), and wikis (Socialtext). ROT (return on time) is the far more challenging aspect of social software. It takes a significant investment in time to become known in the blogosphere, for example. Bloggers must spend large amounts of time in researching topics, writing posts, linking to other Blogs, interacting with comment posters, reading other Blogs, posting comments at other Blogs, producing multimedia content, emailing other bloggers, and adding features and functionalities to a blog. All this in addition to remaining informed about ones industry or field of study. Warning top management about falling behind in competitive technology should be sufficient to begin a case for online collaboration tools. Explaining that the trends are massively aligned, user-generated content, customer co-creation of product, corporate contributions to innovation, and universal content utopia, advocates of social software and user media can point to great examples of Peer Pioneers companies leading the way: PG, IBM/Linux, Second Life, Digg, Jigsaw, YouTube, and InnoCentive. 2.6 Successful Strategies for Selling Ad Space on Low-Traffic Websites: Upon first thinking about it, the idea of selling advertising on a website or blog with limited traffic seems a bit daft. After all, arent most advertisers interested in putting their product in front of the highest number of eyeballs possible? Approaching them with piddly visitor numbers seems like a surefire way to end up in the deleted folder. But though it may feel like putting the cart before the horse, there are many good reasons and ways to sell ad space on low-traffic websites. What you need to always keep in mind is that, while advertisers are drawn to high traffic numbers, they desire something else even more: high conversion rates. There are plenty of success stories of websites that have limited traffic but sell a ton of advertising. These websites succeed because they do one thing well: they deliver the right type of customer to the right type of business. Space selling concept: * Take a close look at your website Whether they sell landscape or skyscraper ads, text ads, video or any other format, they have to offer something of value before you can start to sell advertising space. They know this sound obvious, but it always surprises them how many publishers and online media owners come up with a niche product that nobody wants to buy advertising space in! If they are going to make a fortune in selling subscriptions or other membership related offerings, then fine but in most cases, forget about their hobby or leisure interest, unless it is unique and offers a great angle. Do make sure their product is going to be attractive to a large enough audience before they attempt to sell advertising and if they have a fair bit of competition, make sure that they have some unique selling points and formats. As they move into Web 2.0 the requirements from a lot of advertisers will change. If they can offer a new format or idea and take the hard work out of it for th e advertiser, they are onto a winner. If they dont, theyll lose out to their rivals. * Choosing ad formats that will sell Not all ad formats sell well on ALL websites. Put another way, some ads work better on consumer websites than they do on business sites and visa versa. The trick is to test their ads with different messages, fonts, colours and designs. This research will be well worth it in the end and can make the difference between making a decent revenue stream and making a substantial one. One of the biggest things to bear in mind is where the advertising should be placed. If they sell products on their site, there is very little point displaying adverts, which could detract potential customers away from their own sales message. So, the first thing they need to do is highlight the sections and pages where they are happy to accept advertising. When they have done that, they can then take a look at design and placement. Always think of the customer when you think about designs, placements and tracking. Make it simple for advertisers to find and relate to the f ormats, as they will have to justify the ad spend to their bosses. * Reporting and statistics This is a vital part of their business! Remember, communication is the key to long-term success. If they dont have a good reporting and stats package in place, then they will find it difficult to show their customers what they are/could be getting from their services. This can take a bit of time to set up, but it really is worth the time and money they put into it. Once in place, it can be automated to match their business model and to provide an essential package for their existing and potential customers. Remember out of sight, out of mind leave it to their competitors to make this mistake! * What are their competitors doing well? Even if they are offering a good service, they bet there is something they can learn from their competition. Some media companies do have the luxury of having someone w